THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

PRACTICAL WORK in Geography

PART II

TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS XII

First Edition

Reprinted

Revised Edition

Reprinted

PD 20T HK

© National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2007, 2022

Published at the Publication Division by the Secretary, National Council of Educational Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110 016 and printed at SRG Traders Pvt. Ltd., B-41, Sector-67, Noida - 201 301 (U.P.)

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION

DIVISION, NCERT

Publication Team

Cover and Layout

Cartography

Foreword

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children's life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986).

The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.

These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual calendar so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbook proves for making children's life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience.

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the hard work done by the textbook development committee responsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory committee for textbooks in Social Sciences, at the higher secondary level, Professor Hari Vasudevan and the Chief Advisor for this book, Professor M.H. Qureshi for guiding the work of this committee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement.

Rationalisation of Content in the Textbooks

In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to reduce content load on students. The National Education Policy 2020, also emphasises reducing the content load and providing opportunities for experiential learning with creative mindset. In this background, the NCERT has undertaken the exercise to rationalise the textbooks across all classes. Learning Outcomes already developed by the NCERT across classes have been taken into consideration in this exercise.

Contents of the textbooks have been rationalised in view of the following:

This present edition, is a reformatted version after carrying out the changes given above.

Textbook Development Committee

CHAIRPERSON, ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR TEXTBOOKS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AT THE HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL

Hari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University of Calcutta, Kolkata

M. H. Qureshi, Professor, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

M. H. Quasmi, Lecturer, IASE, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

R. N. Vyas, Professor, CSSH, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur

Sucharita Sen, Associate Professor, CSRD, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

Tannu Malik, Lecturer, Department of Education in Social Sciences and Humanities, NCERT, New Delhi

Acknowledgements

The National Council of Educational Research and Training acknowledges the contributions of H. Ramachandran, Professor and Head, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi University; B. S. Butola, Professor, CSRD, JNU; Odilia Coutinho, Reader, R.P.D. College, Belgaum; Anup Saikia, Reader, Gauhati University, Guwahati; Abdul Shaban, Asstt. Professor, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai and Rupa Das, PGT, DPS, R.K. Puram, New Delhi in the development of this textbook.

Special thanks are due to Savita Sinha, Professor and Head, Department of Education in Social Sciences and Humanities for her valuable support at every stage of preparation of this textbook.

The Council is thankful to the Survey of India for certification of maps given in the textbook. It also gratefully acknowledges the support of individuals and organisations as listed below for providing various photographs and illustrations used in this textbook:

S.M. Rashid, Professor, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi for fig. 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4; M.H. Quasmi, Lecturer, IASE, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi for fig. 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 and 3.12; and Shahab Fazal, Reader, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for fig. 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.12 and 4.13.

The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contribution of Anil Sharma and Ishwar Singh DTP Operators; Ajay Singh, Copy Editor, Aarati Baloni, Proof Reader and Dinesh Kumar, Computer Incharge who have helped in giving a final shape to this book. The contribution of the Publication Department, NCERT in bringing out this textbook is also duly acknowledged.

The following are applicable to all the maps of India used in this textbook

Contents

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 4

PREAMBLE

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a $^{1}$ [SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure to all its citizens :

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the $^{2}$ [unity and integrity of the Nation];

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949 do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.