THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

INTRODUCING SOCIOLOGY

11104 - INTRODUCING SOCIOLOGY

Textbook for Class XI

First Edition

Reprinted

PD 75T GS

© National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2006

Published at the Publication Division by the Secretary, National Council of Educational Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110 016 and printed at Chandu Press, 469, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION

DIVISION, NCERT

Publication Team

FOREWORD

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005, recommends that children's life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986).

The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.

These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual calendar so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbook proves for making children's life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience.

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the hard work done by the textbook development committee responsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory group in Social Sciences, Professor Hari Vasudevan and the Chief Advisor for this book, Professor Yogendra Singh for guiding the work of this committee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement.

TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

CHAIRPERSON, ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS AT THE HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL

Hari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University of Kolkata, Kolkata

CHIEF ADVISOR

Yogendra Singh, Emeritus Porfessor, Centre for the Study of Social Systems, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

MEMBERS

Anjan Ghosh, Fellow, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Kolkata

Arshad Alam, Lecturer, Centre for Jawaharlal Nehru Studies, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi

Arvind Chouhan, Professor, Department of Sociology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal

Debal Singh Roy, Professor, Department of Sociology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi

Jitendra Prasad, Professor (Retd.), Department of Sociology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak

M.N. Karna, Professor (Retd.), Department of Sociology, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong

Maitrayee Chaudhuri, Professor, Centre for the Study of Social Systems, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

Manju Bhatt, Professor, Department of Education in Social Sciences, NCERT, New Delhi

Pushpesh Kumar, Doctoral Fellow, Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi, Delhi

vi

Rajesh Mishra, Professor, Department of Sociology, Lucknow University, Lucknow

Rajiv Gupta, Professor (Retd.), Department of Sociology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

S. Srinivasa Rao, Assistant Professor, Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

Satish Deshpande, Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Delhi, Delhi

Soumendra Mohan Patnayak, Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi

Subhangi Vaidya, Assistant Director, Regional Service Division, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi

MEMBER-COORDINATOR

Sarika Chandrawanshi Saju, Assistant Professor, Regional Institute of Education (RIE), Bhopal.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The National Council of Educational Research and Training acknowledges Karuna Chanana, Professor (Retd.), Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Abha Awasthi, Professor (Retd.), Department of Sociology, Lucknow University, Lucknow; Madhu Nagla, Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Mahrishi Dayanand University, Rohtak; Disha Nawani, Lecturer, Gargi College, New Delhi; Vishvaraksha, Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Jammu, Jammu; Sudershan Gupta, Principal, Government Higher Secondary School, Paloura, Jammu; Mandeep Chaudhary, PGT (Retd.) Sociology, Guru Harkishan Public School, New Delhi; Rita Khanna, PGT Sociology, Delhi Public School, New Delhi; Seema Banerjee, PGT Sociology, Laxman Public School, New Delhi; Madhu Sharan, Project Director, Hand-in-Hand, Chennai; Balaka Dey, Programme Associate, United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi; Niharika Gupta, Freelance Editor, New Delhi; Jesna Jayachandaran, Research Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi for providing their feedback and inputs.

Acknowledgements are due to Savita Sinha, former Professor and Head, Department of Education in Social Sciences for her support.

The Council expresses gratitude to Jan Breman and Parthiv Shah for using photographs from their book, Working in the mill no more, published by Oxford University Press, Delhi. Some photographs were taken from the Department of Tourism, Government of India, New Delhi; National Museum, New Delhi; The Times of India, The Hindu, Outlook and Frontline. The Council thanks the authors, copyright holders and publishers of these reference materials. The Council also acknowledges the Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi for allowing to use photographs available in their photo library. Some photographs were given by John Suresh Kumar, Synodical Board of Social Service; J. John of Labour File, New Delhi; V. Suresh Chennai and R.C. Das of Central Institute of Educational Technology, NCERT, New Delhi. The Council acknowledges their contribution.

Special thanks are due to Vandana R. Singh, Consultant Editor, NCERT for going through the manuscript and suggesting relevant changes.

The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Mamta, DTP Operator; Shreshtha, ProofReader and Dinesh Kumar, Incharge, Computer Station in shaping this book. We are also grateful to Publication Department, NCERT for all their support.

A NOTE TO THE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS

This book is an introductory invitation to sociology. It is not meant to be a comprehensive and exhaustive account of the discipline. Instead it seeks to give a sense of what sociology does and how it helps us understand both society and our own lives better. The book hopes to familiarise students with the sociological perspective, its concepts and tools of research. It seeks to show how sociology as a discipline engages with the fact that each of us, as members of society have commonsensical ideas and understandings about society. How is sociology as a body of knowledge distinguishable from the body of common sense knowledge that necessarily exists in society? Is it distinguishable by its method and approach? Is it different because it continuously asks critical questions, because it accepts nothing as taken for granted?

We could keep adding many more such questions. For sociology is a subject that trains us to question and understand why and how society functions the way it does. And hence there is a need to be clear about the terms and concepts that sociology uses, for they are necessary tools in our sociological understanding.

Apart from the critical perspective that sociology entails, it is also marked by diverse and contending approaches. This plurality is its strength. The different views within sociology about society can be fruitfully understood as debates. Debates often help us understand a phenomena better.

In keeping with the questioning and plural spirit of sociology, the book continuously engages with the reader to think and reflect, to relate what is happening to society and to us as individuals. The activities built into the text are therefore an intrinsic part of the book. The text and activities constitute an integrative whole. One cannot be done without the other. For the objective here is not just to provide ready made information about society but to understand society.

Society itself is plural, diverse and unequal. The book seeks to capture this complexity in each of the chapters. Both examples and activities seek to bring this in. The activities are therefore, essential part of the text. Yet like all books, this is just a beginning. And much of the most exciting learning process will take place in the classroom. Students and teachers will perhaps think of far better ways, activities and examples and suggest how textbooks can be bettered.

CONTENTS

PREAMBLE

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a $^{1}$ [SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure to all its citizens:

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all;

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the $^{2}$ [unity and integrity of the Nation];

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949 do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, Sec.2, for "Sovereign Democratic Republic" (w.e.f. 3.1.1977)

2. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976. Sec.2. for "Unity of the Nation" (w.e.f. 3.1.1977)