THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

STATISTICS

FOR

ECONOMICS

STATISTICS

FOR

ECONOMICS

Textbook for Class XI

11098 - STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS

Textbook for Class XI

First Edition

Reprinted

December 2006, December 2007, January 2009, January 2010, January 2011, January 2012, December 2012, February 2015, April 2016, December 2016, January 2018, December 2018, September 2019, January 2021, November 2021

Revised Edition

Reprinted

March 2024 Chaitra 1946 June 2024 Jyaishtha 1946 January 2025 Magha 1946 April 2026 Vaishaka 1948

PD 50T BS

© National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2006, 2022

Printed on 80 GSM paper with NCERT watermark

Published at the Publication Division by the Secretary, National Council of Educational Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110 016 and printed at Shagun Offset Press, Plot No. 82, Ecotech 12, Greater Noida 201 009 (UP)

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION

DIVISION, NCERT

108, 100 Feet Road Hosdakere Halli Extension Banashankari III Stage

Publication Team

Chief Editor : Bijnan Sutar Chief Business Manager : Amitabh Kumar

Cover

Shweta Rao

Illustrations and Layout

Sarita Verma Mathur

FOREWORD

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children's life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986).

The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.

These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual calendar so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbook proves for making children's life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience.

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the hard work done by the textbook development team responsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory group for Social Sciences textbooks at Higher Secondary Level, Professor Hari Vasudevan and the Chief Advisor for this book, Professor Tapas Majumdar for guiding the work of this committee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to them and their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development under the Chairmanship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement.

RATIONALISATION OF CONTENT IN THE TEXTBOOKS

In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to reduce content load on students. The National Education Policy 2020, also emphasises reducing the content load and providing opportunities for experiential learning with creative mindset. In this background, the NCERT has undertaken the exercise to rationalise the textbooks across all classes. Learning Outcomes already developed by the NCERT across classes have been taken into consideration in this exercise.

Contents of the textbooks have been rationalised in view of the following:

This present edition, is a reformatted version after carrying out the changes given above.

TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

CHAIRPERSON, ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS AT HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL

Hari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University of Calcutta, Kolkata

CHIEF ADVISOR

Tapas Majumdar, Emeritus Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

MEMBERS

MEMBER-COORDINATOR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Acknowledgements are due to Savita Sinha, Professor and Head, Department of Education in Social Sciences and Humanities, for her support in developing this textbook.

The Council is also thankful to J. Khuntia, Senior Lecturer, School of Correspondence Courses, Delhi University; T.M. Thomas, Associate Professor, Deshbandhu College, Delhi University; M.V. Srinivasan and Jaya Singh, Lecturer, DESSH, NCERT, for helping in finalising the textbook.

Special thanks are due to Vandana R. Singh, Consultant Editor, for going through the manuscript and suggesting relevant changes.

The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Amjad Husain and Girish Goyal, DTP Operators; Dillip Kumar Agasti, Proofreader; Dinesh Kumar, In-charge, Computer Station, in shaping this book. The contribution of the Publication Department, NCERT, in bringing out this book is also duly acknowledged.

The Council also acknowledges the efforts of Neerja Rashmi, Professor, DESS, NCERT; M.V. Srinivasan, DESS, NCERT; Jaya Singh, DESS, NCERT; Pratima Kumari, Associate Professor, DESS, NCERT; Ashita Raveendran, Associate Professor, PMD, NCERT; Sabita Patnaik, PGT Economics, DMS, RIE, Bhubaneshwar; Anita Raveendra PGT Economics, DMS, RIE, Mysore, towards the rationalishtion of content of the textbook.

CONTENTS

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a ${}^{1}$ [SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure to all its citizens :

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all;

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the $^{2}$ [unity and integrity of the Nation];

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949 do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.